Adoption research reports that adopted children are often deprived of positive experiences prior to adoption. Orphanages, for instance, offer fewer opportunities for children to acquire skills necessary to succeed in school, leading to deficits in cognitive prowess. However, after adoption it was found that adopted children, after leaving the institution, consistently outperformed those left behind in terms of cognitive and achievement outcomes and often catch up to their current (environmental) non-adopted peers or siblings with respect to cognitive abilities (van IJzendoorn et al., 2005). The disappointing outcome found in meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies is that adoptees often underperformed relative to their non-adopted peers in terms of achievement attainment and displayed learning problems more often (van IJzendoorn et al., 2005) despite their adoptive parents having above average education levels.